Cliff-carved tunnel fortifications.
Ottoman fortress on the Dniester.
Restored gateway fortress and madrasas on the old road west of Dushanbe.
Restored Romanesque-Gothic castle above the Our river, one of the largest west of the Rhine, with a chairlift to the view.
The Prince of Liechtenstein’s home on a crag above the capital — closed inside, but the hillside path gives the postcard view.
Clifftop Spanish fort over San Juan.
Castle above a horseshoe harbour.
Medieval castle above Balzers.
Fortress park above the meeting of the Sava and the Danube.
Mighty medieval castle, UNESCO-listed.
Red-brick Gothic castle on an island in Lake Galve, home of the Karaim community and their kibinai pastries.
Red-brick castle above the Gauja.
Mountaintop fortress, UNESCO-listed.
Majestic riverside fortress-monastery.
Castles and forests of the Gauja valley.
Cafe-lined riverside old town.
Island church on an alpine lake.
Round medieval fortress on the Dniester.
Coastal drive of cliffs and castles.
A 17th-century round tower fort with murder holes and honey traps, beside Nizwa’s Friday goat market.
Renaissance castle built into the mouth of a cliff cave, with secret tunnels used by a robber knight.
Dramatic castle ruin perched on a basalt cliff edge.
Dutch colonial ramparts around a living town of boutique hotels, lighthouse and cricket on the green.
The oldest European building in sub-Saharan Africa, a haunting slave-trade fort.
Ottoman stone city below a hilltop castle.
One of the oldest continuously inhabited sites.
Sobering slave-trade fortress, UNESCO-listed.
Windmills, spa towns and a meteor crater.
The great Crusader castle, UNESCO-listed.
Ancient Dilmun fort by the sea, UNESCO-listed.
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